REFERENCES  (In the text)

Here are some general rules for creating references for your sources for papers.

Use "in-text citations" whenever possible, which means in the body of your paper use parenthesis to identify the source of your references.  Do not use endnotes or footnotes for simple citations.  You may use endnotes or footnotes to address a tangent, or to provide some side comments that you do not think needs to be included in the body of your paper. 

"In-text citations" briefly identify the source in the body of the paper and then include an alphabetical list of references at the end of the paper.  In the reference list, all the necessary information should be available for a reader to find the source. 

In the text, cite the last name of the author and the year of publication and include page references whenever you believe it will assist the reader.  Any direct quotations or paraphrasing of the author in your text should provide page numbers.  All references should always be to the author of the words or the ideas, never to the editor of a paper that appears in an edited volume. 

Put the date in parentheses, if the authors name appears in the text: When Morris (1984) studied...

If the author's name does not appear in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses: When these organizations were researched (Gamson 1975)...

Give both last names for joint authors: (Taylor and Whittier 1992)...; or if in the text write: Taylor and Whittier (1992) argued that ... 

Pagination follows the year of publication after a comma:  As argued by Skocpol (1979, p. 43).  Or, In Skocpol's (1979, p. 43) work on social revolutions, she found...

For more than two authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text; afterwards use the first author's name and et al.: (Snow, Rochford, Jr., Worden, and Benford 1986)...
(Snow et al. 1986)...  (Note: et al. means "and others").

For institutional authorship, supply minimum identification from the beginning of the complete citation: (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1963, p. 117)...

Separate a series of references with a semicolon: (Lederach 1997; Kriesberg 1998)...

For unpublished papers, cite the date. If no date is given, use n.d.: Smith (n.d.)...

REFERENCES (at the end of your paper) Place items in alphabetical order by author

For a Book:

author (last name first; if more than one author than the first author appears as last name first and other authors appear as first name first). year. title (either in italics or underlined). place of publication: publisher. 

DiPalma, Guiseppe. 1990. To Craft Democracies. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Collection 
If you are quoting from an article in an edited book,  you should refer to the author and follow the procedure for a collection.  

author (last name first). date of publication of the version you are using.  title of article or essay in quotation marks. pages in volume in name of volume (in italics or underlined), edited by name of editor (first name first). place of publication: publisher.

For example:

Marx, Karl, 1999. "Estranged Labour." Pp.30-36 in Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings, Second Edition, edited by Charles Lemert.  Boulder Colorado: Westview Press.

Journal Article :

author (last name first (for first author; if addiditional authors they appear as first name first). year. name of article (in quotation marks).  name of journal in italics or underlined.  Volume number (Issue number or Season, i.e. Spring; January/February): page numbers of article. 

Staggenborg, Susanne. 1989. "Stability and Innovation in the Women's Movement:  A Comparison of Two Movement Organizations." Social Problems 36 (1): 75-92

Electronic Sources:
List author's name or alias (if known), the title of the work in quotes, the title of the full work in italics (if applicable), date of publication, relevant site address, date of visit. Note:  Provide all directions necessary to access the publication when the above information is not sufficient to do so.